彩色高清PDF《景观与建筑设计系列·C3建筑立场系列丛书 41 都市与社区》韩国C3公社

都市与社区
Community and the cir
中文版（韩语版第第857期）
大连理工大学出版社

内容摘要：

社区复兴调查
Investigating the Re-birth of the Community
感知实标上不仅仅是感觉，感知是一个积极的过程，通过它我们可以了解周围的世界。
一布莱恩，劳森.《空问的语言》.2001年
本书探讨的是建筑与社区概念的关系，焦点在于从社区的规模上来感知建筑物一一也就是使用者以及居住者与周围建筑的互动，首先，简要介绍一下社区的概念以及在社区环境中的建筑设计方法，这将会建立起这种膏学科设计方法的界限，然后看一看与比主题有关的几个项目。
社区的概念在城市研究中经常出现.一般用于参照城市中社会生活的各个方面.传统上，社区这一概念被人类学家.社会学家.地理学家和城市规划者使用，用来指在一定的界限.地点或地域内发生的一系列社会关系。在关于城市和社会的研究中，社区是个最具争议的概念，虽然按照惯例，社区的概念是用来描述某一特定地点的特征的，但它也被当成一种更接近意识形态的词语，藉此来证实一种特殊的身份，或是促进一个特殊的政治项日.总体上，可以定义为四种广泛的方法，第一种认为社区是出现在明显空问化的地理环境中的一系列相会关系，从该词语的这个角度来讲，有大量的集中于这种具体社区的形式和功能的著作，第二种方法将社区的概念定义为个体或社会群体的特辣社会互动模式的产物，这种方法的前提是假设存在不同程度的一致以及矛盾，它将社区看成了社会成员之间持续协商的产物，第三种意义上的社区用来描述个体与社会之问特殊的社会关系，这个观点和传统意义上对社区的理解最为接近，因为它唤起了社区的传统餐念，即对归属感的追求，以及想成为社会群体一员的愿望，第四种方法着眼于社区的基本性质如何随着通信系统和电脑科技使用的变革而得到了制底的转变，根据这一观点，通信技术的发展从根本上破坏了社区的传统氧念，在很大程度上改变了个人和社会群体之间建立归属关系的方式。
"Perception is actually more than just sensation.Perception is an active process through which we make sense of the worldaround us."-Bryan Lawson,Language of Space,2001。
The issue deals with the relationship of architecture and the idea of community.The focus lies on the perception ofbuildings at the scale of communities-thus the interaction of users and inhabitants with the surrounding architec-ture.Before taking a look at several projects related to this topic,a brief introduction on the idea of community andthe means of architecture in this context will build up the scope of this interdisciplinary approach.The concept of community has appeared regularly throughout urban studies and is generally employed in refer-ence to all aspects of the social life of cities.Traditionally used by anthropologists,sociologists,geographers andurban planners to signify a set of social relationships operating within a specific boundary,location,or territory,community is arguably one of the most contested concepts used in the study of the city and society.Althoughconventionally evoked to describe the characteristics of a specific locality or area,the idea of community has alsobeen used in far more ideological terms as a means by which to substantiate a particular identity or to further aspecific political project.In general four broad approaches can be identified.The first approach conceives of com-munity as a set of social relations occurring within a distinctly spatialized and geographical setting.There exists arich body of work that has focused upon the form and function of specific communities in this sense of the term.A second approach conceptualizes community as the outcome of a particular mode of social interaction amongindividuals or social groups.Premised upon varying degrees of consensus and conflict,this approach essentiallyviews community to be the product of ongoing negotiation between social actors.Community has been used ina third sense to describe a particular type of social relationship between the individual and society.This perspec-tive is perhaps closest to a commonsense interpretation of community,as it evokes the notion of community as asearch for belonging and desire for group membership.The fourth approach looks at how the foundational natureof community has been decisively altered by innovations in the use of communications and computer technol-ogy.According to this view,developments in communicative technology have fundamentally undermined moretraditional conceptualizations of community and radically altered the means by which individuals and social groupsgenerate bonds of attachment。

关于这一主题的广义范围的调查只能在这一环境中进行探讨，例如，芝加哥大学城市社会学院提出了这样一个城市研究的观点：城市是以“各种小世界拼成的一种综合的形式.对于一些特殊的社会群体邻甲之问.职业工作比如土匪，街头混混，出租车司机，及许多其他职业]方面的人类学探素研究.显示出了具有明显公共情绪的特殊的社会文化领地，对于城市增长和发展的分析重心就是人类生态学观点的应用，这一观点认为，持续不断的移民入侵使城市系统持续发展和扩大，芝加哥学院派的关键观点就是认识到了当地和社区层面上的流动性对城市的整体结构有着重要的影响.，另外许多信仰马克思主义的批判型学者论证得出了全球资本主义的崛起对当代城市环境中社区的实现也有不利的影响。他们认为，正是全球资本主义的霸权才导数了城市生活中的社区被取代，这样的观点表明社区与资本世界的秩序是相对立的.这样的讨论多在关于中产阶级化和城市新兴阶级的争辩中进行，并且，国际移民也从根本上改变了当前全球城市中的社区的构成.以维持跨国的个人和经济关系网为特征的当代移民社区有利于全球的社交和科技革新，在移民的祖国和移居国之间形成了联系。
在当代的城市研究中使用社区的概念时，可以看出三个广泛的趋势，第一个趋势包含在关于公民接触的社群主义辩论中.如果对于特定社区的认同依赖于归属感的培养，那么公民结杜和当地社区网络的复兴就是必不可少的。将社区的重要性和公民权的重要性结合在一起，就很容易理解社群主义者的立场他们的立场挑战了个体自主性和个人成就实规方面的自由主义的重要性。
第二种趋势表明，随着越来越多个人因为相同的观点，品味和生活方式而聚集在一起，社区的本质已经成为更加接近难意志论心理学的社会奥约方式.在这种意义上，社区受到了特定的身份或兴矩追求的性质的严格限制，其特征是社区成员的标准具有相对流动性和暂时性的特点。
The broad range of research related to this topic can only be broached in this context.For example,the ChicagoSchool of Urban Sociology proposed a vision of urban study in which the city was revealed as a composite 'mosaicof little worlds".Ethnographic explorations of everything from particular social groups,neighborhood locales,andoccupational niches(e.g.,gangs,street corners,taxi-cab drivers,and many others)revealed distinct socio-culturalenclaves of communal sentiment.Central to that analysis of urban growth and development was the employment
of a human ecology perspective in which the city was seen to develop and expand organically due to ongoingwaves of immigrant invasion and succession.A key insight of Chicago School scholarship was the recognition thatdynamics occurring at the local and community level had significant impact upon the overall structure of the city.Additionally,many critically and Marxist oriented scholars have argued that the rise of global capitalism has provendetrimental to the realization of community in contemporary urban settings.Arguing that the hegemony of global
capitalism has led to the displacement of community in city life,such perspectives suggest community to be an-tithetical to the logic of a capitalist world order.Many such discussions have been conducted within the contextof debates on gentrifcation and urban regeneration.Furthermore,international migration has also fundamentallyaltered the constitution of community in the contemporary global city.Characterized by the maintenance of trans-national personal and economic networks,contemporary immigrant communities avail of the communicative andtechnological innovations of globalization to forge links between homeland and host country.Three broad trends can be discerned when considering the utility of the concept of community in contemporaryurban studies.A first trend is contained in communitarian debates regarding civic engagement.If identification witha particular community is dependent upon the cultivation of a sense of belonging,the revival of civic associationsand local community networks are deemed essential.Combining an emphasis on the importance of community
with a stress on citizenship,the communitarian position is most clearly understood when conceived of as a positionthat challenges the liberal emphasis placed upon individual autonomy and achievement of personal fulfillment A second trend suggests that the nature of community has become a far more voluntaristic means of social engage-ment as individuals come together on the basis of similarity of ideas,taste and lifestyle.In this view,community isheavily circumscribed by the nature of the particular identity or interest pursuit,and characterized by relatively fluidand transient criteria of membership。

第三，因为多煤体和通信科技的发展，社区的社会互动不再局限于当地的地理位置，这从根本上改变了社区构成的方式，从这个意义上洪社区已经不再依赖于面对面的杜会交流，而是更依赖于互动的虚拟网络。
从这个关系上来说，建筑设计的方式和角色就必须得到仔细检查了，总体上，建筑设计即指建筑师设计的建成环境，也指这一职业的综合名称，这一基本概念因携入了很多要素而被复杂化，尤其是恰如其分的建筑分类也充满了争议和抗争，就像设计者争取被认可为建筑师的权利一样复杂，将建筑实践设置于特定的城市背景.政治体制和资本模式当中，这种研究使建筑更难于从这些过程中获得自主权，这个职业的立场介于艺术.美学与对有社会意义的形式和空间的创造之间.对后两者更为关注，也关注材料问题的功能反馈.就这一点而言，其职业的立场是重要的考虑因素，例如，关于后现代主义的建筑学讨论主要用于重新引发对于建筑的社会意义的探讨，尤其是开启建筑和空间多重解读的潜力，展示建筑传统风格的多元化，换话说，建筑的形式对使用者和其他的市民意义重大，是城市空间的标志，也是不同范国的社会实体的反映，同时，聚焦于建筑能够支撑不同社会意义的能力的争论通常是以对不平等的权力关系的批判为代价的，这种
权力关系支撑着建筑的社会生产，在本书中列出的项目显示出了在互动的基础上联系社区和建筑的尝试，这一系列项目包括个人规模的（例如.©nera y Ruiz建筑师事务所的埃拉索社区中心】.社区规模的（例如uBesset--Lyon建筑师事务所的隆勒索程城市煤体中心）和城市规模的（例如千秋新井城市建筑设计事务所的Akiha Ward文化中心》。
Thirdly,the dis-embedding of community from local sites of social interaction,due to developments in media andcommunicative technology,has decisively altered the means by which community is constituted.In this view,com-munity has become less dependent upon face-to-face forms of social interaction and more upon virtual networksof connectivity.
In this relation,the means and role of architecture have to be scrutinized critically.In general architecture refersboth to those parts of the built environment that are designed by architects and the collective designation of theprofession.This basic definition is complicated by a number of factors,not least of which is the fact that the typesof buildings that can 'properly"be considered architecture are of significant controversy and struggle,as are theright of designers to be recognized as architects.Research that situates architectural practice within particular urban
contexts,political regimes,and capitalist models problematizes architecture's claims to autonomy from these pro-cesses.The profession's position somewhere between an art,primarily concerned with aesthetics and the creationof socially meaningful forms and spaces,and as a primarily functional response to material issues,is an importantconsideration in this regard.For example,the architectural discourse of postmodernism served to reinvigorate dis-cussion of architecture's social meaning,not least by opening up the potential for multiple readings of buildings and
spaces,and by celebrating a plurality of stylistic traditions.In other words,the built forms of architecture becomemeaningful to users and other citizens as markers of urban space and as reflections of a diverse range of social reali-ties.At the same time,a primary focus onarchitecture's capacity to support diverse social meanings can often be atthe expense of a deeper critique of the unequal power relations that underpin the social production of architecture.The projects outlined in this issue show the attempt to link community and architecture on the basis of interaction.The range includes projects on personal scale (i.e.El Lasso Community Center from Romera y Ruiz Arquitectos),oncommunity scale (i.e.Lons-le-Saunier Mediatheque from du Besset-Lyon Architectes)and on urban scale (i.e.AkihaWard Cultural Center from Chiaki Arai Urban and Architecture Design).Andreas Marx。（略）

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