China isracing towards zero emission road transport urban mobility beyond cars China is racing toward zero emission road transport urban mobility beyond cars
PREFACE woming themeiti polrice shids the ring sealv and more nt nd sevee me wer Clmate changehas posed sigifcant tats to or panet whichis evident fmthe obee gbl events. These slming changes have cused edensve damge to cies rurlareas andthe est pas of Iinfuence on the cimate system is ciear. To address climate change and ramp up the actions and investments ecosystems wordwide. Itergovemmental Panel on Cimate Change IPCC has concluded that human da o s pue sn np-ud noge mpqm Aunqu sn 9s ungdu gof a needed the globel munity adopted Pars Agreement' in December 2015. Its prmary otjective is to lit even lower at 1.5°C. To have the goal within reach global greenhouse gases (GHGs) emissions need ABOUT THE AUTHORS to peak beore 2025 decrease by 45% by 2030 and achieve net zero by 2050. This reprtis a knowedge product of Energy Foundason Crina. Aufhors are: However the curent actions are neither broad nor bold nor fast enough In 2020 the Arctic and the Yn Le Serior Pogram Oficer ofthe Transponation Program Eergy Foundaton China Aetarcic coninert wtesed ord-bking tmpates of38.0°C and 18.3°C spectively (WMO Zheng Biqi. Program Otcer of the Transpotation Program Energy Foundation China 2021a 2021b). As this warming trend coninues 2023 is set to be the homest year on record at many places. Wang Man Consutart of the Transportaton Progrm Energy Foundation Chna Notabij Bejng perience ascorhng mpeature f over 41.1C sigicarty hgher hanhe preous Gong Huiming. Senior Program Diector of the Transportation Program Energy Foundation China reaching the upper theshoids for human toerance. Meanwhle the Southem U.S. grappled wh an records for the same perod (Shi 2023) The Middle East also endurtd an exreme heat index of 66.7°C. Sun Xue Senir Prram Associate of the Transprtation Pgr Eergy Foundation na exceptonal intense and eended heat wae fom Calfoia to Foia Poenix City ht 43.3°℃C for 31 gn s ACKNOWLEDGEMENT temperres andinenig dmagingwer pm undescoese urecytccerte The teem would ike to thark the folowing expertsfor their coreibution to this repot: reductons in emissions fojd tueudopeg uogrodsuti xj engsu[ opeug Aquneg eoy ueusueus m China is te word's second largest traspo carbon emiter only ter the U.S. Ahouh cunt Lang Jndong Excutve Diector Bejng Smart & Green Transot Reserch Center Ohinastansport missions account for about 9% of the national total (EA 2021 2023a 2023c] hey ae Peng Yhui Professo Fuahou University parable wth many countries' economy-wide emissionsThree times that of the UK twice as much as The team aso appreciates Ms. LU Li for her excelent edting. and apprecite the seifess help from Ms Lin county In Ohinas ust for zero eission tanspot cric hices (EVs s aways the frst one tht peple Weiwei Ms. Xn Yan Ms. Yang Pepe Ms. Zhao Ru andMs. Zhuo Ywen fm Energy Foundation China. ge ordt o Gibaly Ohinahs rarke frstinboh EV prodcnandsaes or igt cnecuve ys (EA 2023b) Howver Ona’s large ppution growingly concentatd peopie in cties and dvere xpos 3 m90tgo %99 pue ses A3 m2o jo %8s pe2es sey Agunco 9g '2202 o pue exa Ag 5102 9ous DISCLAIMER oconomy men Chins pasnge tranport cnt rely sllyn cars nsu s qe This docuent wos prepared based oninfomaton and dta cqd from publc sources nether negy converient economical and clean travel for 1.4 bllon people China must seek sustainable ways beyond sd p e pnd p d p e sne o pu sd ue esyu s/op s po ou u vogpunoy proving he senioe. Thereare aso detours sme ohich may seve as fernces for fure diveipmet resonsibilly for th accuracy and pieteness. The vws and pinions of authors epressd hern do not in China and other countries. necessarly state or refect those of Energy Foundation China This document is for reference onily Readers to exerise idepenent jugment n the corterts and Energy Foundation China dos not aume ny Tis report aims to present Chinas intatives prgres inights and lesons eant in the pursut f ro gal nesponsbilty forthe consequenoes caused by he use of this document by any individual or instution. eision unmbilty bynd car I wl eltd frm acts incling bues ubanras Relerene ein to ay seofc entfy prt eice ds not ecesarly conste oripl s shared bicycles and electric two and three wheelers (E2/wsj The infomation and dscussions in this endorsement rimendation or favoring by Energy Foundation China. report coud be vlableto coutres at diferet stages of ranson who seek to acte the adncement of zero emission urban mobilty. CITATION To reference this eport please use folowing citation as: Yn LZeng B. Wang. M_ Gng H&Sun X (2023) CNinais acing twds er emis urban mobilty beyond cars. Energy Foundation China (EF Chinal. sgri tpantponr
TABLE OF CONTENTS LST OF A GLIMPSE OF CHINA'S TRANSIT URBAN MOBILITY BUS DEVELOPMENT ● KEY FACTORS detemining Chna's Hgu pue pueuep feropu seg.n WHAT'S the s tomparison C TU SU 3 n uo URBAN SHARED BICYCLES AND RAIL ELECTRIC TWO AND THREE WHEELERS nui we HN s0 popular? ed bicycies and E2/Ws WHAT impe E2/2Ws 1 WHAT kind of IYIM KEY ELEMENTSFOR WHATS MORE FOR SUCCESS LOOKING AHEAD? Buuuey 6ut Tiptove thxe fintnicitl sunttir ebillty of putlic 83 1 83 to provide: ervironmental ransport services. re inclusive safe and 85 ACCESS FOR ALL: imprve te barier-free Aeopul
Executive hina operatesoneof theworld'slargest and cleanesturbanmobilitysystem Summary bilion passengertp wre cad b bus and un ralin Cin MT ve ine mes ofthe Bus and urban ral accounted for 72% of nationwide revenue urban passenger voilume in 2019. Same yeer 93 volume in the U.S. (APTA 2023). Mou jp u u snq sp u jo onb e psnq q p bus sales woridwide 83% of BEV and 96% of PHEV were in China (EA 2023o). As of 2022 China's bus shock was 703 200 (MOT 2014-2023) which was 9.8 tmes of the U.S. (APTA 2023) Among these buses upap Ar oq o ppod ssnq on o %z Buuu xa pue p ug /p peu % o %66 q p s 2-1 w s. u purchasedi or meplaced buses in China by the end of 2022 are new energy vehicles (NEVs). Chinal's transport soctor emited 9 46 mllon tons ot C0: in 2022 Giobly Cin hs thelagt u ra er nms of lengh ane ner of ites wth urbn ra. lons (EA 2023c) Th o duuep p o swo u goe m sou peu u u ugo 1 z g wordscond net prt cabn orony China’s urban rals hit 53 millon passenger trips in 2022 (CAMET 2014-2023). shich coreitbAis abou Bos ot Chnas ransport! Transt (BRT) By 2022 Chinahad over seven thousand kometers of BRT in operaton In 2019 BRT ines preg sng yo suoygluoy 9kg re uoeq ose sey tuu sgeu ueqn pue uogrog.soep9 snq u sepyes sg os uogppe u 1 transformaton of urtban mobity isi criteal for % of China's natonal total carbon emi and vehices permillon irhabiarts in Crina reached 4.4km and 6.7 buses (MOT ) surpasing he U.S. by fourold and fivefoid respectively (APTA 2023) . China also ons thewordslargest bk 2/3Ws and 2/Ws sstem Sdy percent of bke ridhp es covering 400 oities Wi 2022) Manhle 81% of 2Ws and 20% of 3Ws were eechrifed (CCCM 2023 and Irm shaed bicycles. By 2022 the natonwide fet of shared bicyckes was 14.9 mllon wth the serioes 1.3 times of China'ls nat hepushforzero emission transport:tackling climate air and health China sin zro isin r angenrt incling unmbiy ctbes SEUE EOOUO DECHX s reducing criteria air polutants for alr qualty and pubic health also motivates 12% of national otal Nitrogen Oxide (NOx) emissions (MEE 2022 2023) High concentrations of PML: and o2one nationi standards posing ham to the eth of over 330 millon peopie (about 24% of Chinas pe u oppi mg xsspu um population [PE. 2023c and Fuzhou Uriversity}].
hina is decouplingthetravel demand growth hina takes systematic approaches to with emissions integratepolicies and technologiestogether withstakeholders'alignmentbuilding h he past 50 years urban buil-up areas in Chinas major ites expanded 7.5 tmes increesing peoples fu g u oup o d us e o n sp implementationand evaluation Shenzhen and Gngzhouws 11.7m 9.8 8.5m and 9.1 spectvely ined by abot 5% targd 70% ubanizaton e in 2000 980 mllon pple maein es which wll bing grwing tave 10% 12% and 5% from their 2020 levels (Zhao et al. 2020 and Wang et al. 2021 2022 2023). With a Poicies aaar bt the ae amit dvs iling nrnggoals pct demands (NBS 2023d) The demand could go even higherif China's urbanization rate reaches 80% the paxpeu og uo sprpodi pue sofopupei govemment stongmplementaton algmnt crss stakhens andto corinuously imroving same as that of the UK and e U.S. Over the past w dicades Chinahas been making efts to decouple rdership growh from emisions by developing EVs adopting cleaner intenal bustion engine (OE) venices optmizsing ransport mode tructure and managing tansit demands. • Vision guides long-term actions and strengthens market confidence • Both fuel efficiency and criteria air pollutants emissions of ICE vehicles are An arbitious vision gudes the different stakeholders soward a shared goal. This will buld market confdence. continuously significantly tightened crete econmes of scal and ehance the petiveness of avand tchology and products. Chinastrenghens e issions ducion ICE vehices by phaing ot e yewstcker and od cas and Alignment across stakeholders to build consensus spepus u pru eu o pupue nb p uu pn spus us A wide range f govement dpaments incling MOT MOHURD NDRC MIT MEE MPS SAMR MOF tigten ubanbus ful cnumtn mts by 15.9% pad to Pase Istandard JIn andWang 2011. andetc oeree ubn mbity management the stakhoies slng he ndsty chainincludeurban Wen et al. 2014 & Wang et al. 2018). According to China Vfuel qualty standards the most stingent gobal b far er % su et indsl and gae tobedud (TrPocye 28. planners investors and operators of bus Iines and urban rals vehicle manufacturers consumers driversi and charging sevce providers. I is cucial for al these stakehiders to buld conenus and enhance Nirogen Oxides (NOx) and pariculate mater (PM) fom buses dropped as much as 94% and 97% by China VI vehice mission standards pard to China 1 And Chinahas aso moveto lad-f gasine since collboration. • Proactive policies to ensure implementation Instue and Jinan Atomole Test Center 2005 and Chinese Reseach Acadmy of nvronmental Sciences et al. 2018). China has ben stdly eningits bus nd urbanrl ntaoks as wilas ng is vhle eetso euce emisionsMnisesndlcal gmmnts ncted suringpolices n subdes and Dedcaed • Public transit is the most prioritized urban transport mode for development Bus Lanes (DBL) China rolled out natonal plot programs on fUul-scale electrifcation of pubic vehices Chinahas lalypriortied putlctrnsit over althe her mdes since 2005. Cnsequnty Cinasbus ncuing bses tis sntan vicls ostl andubangiss eics taes t ach n riderhip and vehice mlge ched 69 bllo passngerps and 35 blion mees in 2019 (MOT 200). 80% market penetration rate fo NEVs by 2025. Al these efforts not only speed up Chinas purtuit of zero about 15tmes and 9tmes he US. lvs resectivey (AAT 2023) Puictranst deement especial emisin anspor btaso strenghen CNinaR&D capblty maactung efcenc and sppl hn uban ls ngs don the ue of cars. Anul prie car vhc lmes rv VKT)is reded by reslence. 2.5% per yearinhe past decades in Bejing Shanghal and Chengdu despte their rowing popuation Cotol Techolgy Cete B Shangai Urban Rural Conruction and Tranportatn Devipment uban bu-up aas and vehicle stock (EF Chna analsis Xaen Evroment Protection Venice Emissin mbracinginnovationandnewbusiness Research Instute Chengu VECC). models:advancingplanning financial • Shared bicycles and E2/3Ws play a unique and critical role for short-distance private trips and connection to public modes sustainability localized policy future technology Egnt out of ten Crinese people choose bkes and two andithre wheelers (2/3Ws) as one of their primary and accessibility choices f ultyeaehya fl nt ngenda s a very pleasant “ast-mle* soution. E2/3Ws eplace 23% travel of trips prevously by cars (TDP 2022). n s s d - Overarching planning model has bee popular among the oitizens expanding urban ral acoess. • TOD is highlighted as a new development model to encourage public and reduce muting dstances. transport - Financial sustainability Transt-Orentd Deveipment (TOD) was fInst irtrodued to China around 2005. Anumber of localzed TCD op l Aμdd ds uppux ous pd pu p q a spou Ourentiy; both buses and urban railts heavly rely on subsidies. China should conduct a detaled analysis of station deveiopment' and *metro station-centered plex development'" Al the models emphasize cot suctu o rene subsidy olces wich llensue eesay fnancil spport hlesobst integrating transt and land use planring thus reducing the trael demand and trael distances. TanuweJ jfuogt.edo 03 F0
迈向零排放：中国城市的公共、共享与慢行交通.pdf
